The Lowest Common Denominator

I recently read an article in The Washington Post about the impact of television on populist politics in Italy.  The story really begins with the opening of Italy’s airwaves by Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI), which is the national public broadcasting company owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance.  Known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane, much of its programming following WWII was influenced by the BBC.  The emphasis was on educational content.  Programs like Non è mai troppo tardi and Un viaggio al Po introduced people to life in other parts of the country at a time when most people couldn’t afford to travel.

Then in the 1980s, an aggressive and unabashedly unsophisticated channel called Mediaset entered the market and quickly spread across the country.  It countered RAI’s educational mission with cartoons, soap operas, sports, movies and other light entertainment.  Mediaset provided almost three times as many hours of movies and entertainment as RAI did and, by contrast, offered almost no news or educational programming.  By 1990 half the country had access to Mediaset, which allowed researchers, in various studies, to analyze the impact of television on the country’s politics.

The results are disheartening.  Without delving into the researchers’ methodologies, the data (from many sources by many researchers from many countries in many studies) show that continued exposure to Mediaset’s “trashy” programming led to solid support for populist candidates selling simple messages and easy answers.  Of course, we know that Mediaset’s founder and controlling owner is Silvio Berlusconi, populist politician and former prime minister. But the researchers emphasize and prove that the relationship between popular media and populist politics is not just a Berlusconi effect.  It extends to his competitors, particularly the Five Star Movement.  This party was founded by comedian Beppo Grillo a decade ago and has become the second largest party in Italy’s Parliament since the 2018 election.

Television’s role in the populist movement comes not from political messaging but from entertainment. The electoral effect is about 10 percentage points among the two groups that watched Mediaset the most—those under the age of 10 and those 55 and older.  Researchers found that young people who watched this programming during their formative years grew up to be “less cognitively sophisticated and less civically minded and less politically active” than their counterparts who had access to public broadcasting.  As adults they had math and reading scores significantly worse than those of their peers. Their populist views came from the similarity between the simplicity of the programming and the simplicity of the language and messages of the populist politicians.

“Brain-numbing” effects weren’t as pronounced in Italians exposed to Mediaset later in life; their test scores were similar to those of their peers.  Their populist views were influenced by the news which they tended to watch on Mediaset rather than from other broadcasters.

The questions and research continue…including the potential impact of Fox News in the United States on populist views.  The question in my mind is whether the connection is causation or correlation. One would think that there are other factors at play.  But as the Washington Post article says, “this is a story about how the lowest common denominator of popular media paved the way for the lowest common denominator of populist politics.”

Posted in Abitudini, Differenze culturali, English, Italia, Politica, Storia | 1 Comment

Il campionato italiano di basebal

Da appassionata di baseball, mi non sono sorpresa nel sapere che la squadra Chicago Cubs ha recentement reclutato un giocatore dominicano di nome Robel Garcia.  Dopo tutto, molti giocatori di baseball americani provengono dalle isole dei Caraibi. Ma sono rimasta sbalordita nel sapere che lui è stato scoperto in Italia e che aveva giocato per il campionato italiano di baseball.

Ho iniziato la mia ricerca.  Ho scoperto che il livello di competizione nel campionato italiano di baseball è considerato il più alto in Europa e che la Major League Baseball statunitense ricerca e seleziona i propri giocatori in Italia per formare squadre negli Stati Uniti.  Non sorprende che i giocatori che sognano di giocare nelle Major amano allenarsi in Italia – per il cibo, il clima, la bellezza e la cordialità, per non parlare poi degli alti standard di gioco.

Il campionato italiano di baseball oggi è composto da 8 squadre che sono controllate dalla Federazione Italiana Baseball e Softball (FIBS) a Roma.  Metà delle squadre proviene dalla regione Emilia-Romagna.  Nel campionato c’è anche una squadra della Repubblica di San Marino. I nomi delle squadre corrispondono solitamente al nome della città (ad esempio, Parma, Bologna, Nettuno) e allo sponsor aziendale della squadra, proprio come nel baseball giapponese.

Il baseball è iniziato in Italia durante la seconda guerra mondiale quando i soldati americani insegnavano questo sport ai bambini italiani. Il primo campionato si è svolto in Italia nel 1948 e oggi il campionato è completo con una serie di playoff, in cui le squadre si sfidano nel campionato per vincere lo Scudetto. Secondo le regole FIBS, oggi ognuna delle 8 squadre gioca due serie da 3 partite contro tutte le altre squadre, per un totale di 42 partite in una stagione. (Negli Stati Uniti, ci sono 30 squadre che giocano 162 giochi durante la stagione regolare.)  Le quattro squadre che terminano con il miglior record della stagione si qualificano per un round-robin. I primi e secondi classificati del round-robin giocano una serie dei migliori-di-sette per vincere lo scudetto. La FIBS stabilisce anche il numero di visti sportivi concessi ai giocatori stranieri non UE e anche il numero di giocatori stranieri sul campo in qualsiasi momento.

Sfortunatamente, il baseball in Italia non è un’industria in crescita. Le strutture sono in gran parte di proprietà e sono mantenute dai governi della comunità e le squadre hanno poche risorse. Negli Stati Uniti, è un’economia enorme, con grande dispiacere dei puristi del baseball. Tuttavia, nella Major League Baseball, ci sono stati molti eroi italo-americani; molti sono custoditi nella Baseball Hall of Fame a Cooperstown, in New York. Si potrebbero schierare diverse squadre di italoamericani dai giocatori storici e quelli più attuali. I fanatici di baseball riconosceranno questi nomi: i manager Tommy Lasorda e Joe Torre, i ricevitori Yogi Berra e Mike Piazza, gli interni Phil Rizzuto ed Anthony Rizzo, gli esterni Joe DiMaggio e Lou Piniella, e lanciatori Barry Zito e Dave Righetti (e anche oggi Rick Porcello e Nathan Eovaldi). Per non parlare di A. Bart Giamatti, ex commissario di baseball, il più alto incarico nella gestione di questo sport. L’attuale giocatore di prima base della Chicago Cubs, Anthony Rizzo, ha recentemente dato il benvenuto alla nuova recluta dall’Italia, Robel Garcia, con un cordiale “Buongiorno” e baci su entrambe le guance.

Questo è quanto mi ha portato la mia ricerca. Ho ancora molte domande: cantano come sciocchi “portami fuori al gioco” in inglese o in italiano? Servono hot dog, birra e popcorn durante le partite? Qual è il nome del bar dello sport in cui la gente va dopo la partita? In America, potrebbe essere chiamato “la Panchina”, “la Pancina dei lanciatori” o “il Decimo Inning”. In Italia è probabilmente chiamato “la Quinta Base”, ed è un bar per il caffè che potrebbe servire anche il vino. Domande serie riguardano come far sopravvivere e prosperare questo sport in Italia: cosa ne pensate di portare partite importanti in Italia come la serie degli Yankees-Red Sox a Londra? Forse George Clooney, una stella del baseball in liceo, potrebbe finanziare lo sviluppo del baseball in Italia con il supporto di Mike Piazza, Joe Torre e Major League Baseball. Come costruisci l’interesse popolare per uno sport in un paese che ha già un’indescrivinile passione per il calcio?

Andiamo ai playoff ad ottobre in Italia! In preparazione, ecco un breve lessico da studiare:

il campo di gioco—playing field
diamante—diamond
campo esterno—outfield
monte di lancio—pitcher’s mound
la panchina—dugout
la panchina dei lanciatori—bullpen
linee di foul—foul lines
la prima base—first base
la seconda base—second base
la terza base—third base
la casa base (or piatto)—home plate
giocatori—players
battitore—batter
arbitro di casa base—home plate umpire
un fuoricampo—home run
ruoli difensivi—defensive positions (roles)
interni—infielders
esterni—outfielders
lanciatore (L)—pitcher
ricevitore (R)—catcher
prima base (1B)—first baseman
seconda base (2B)—second baseman
terza base (3B)—third baseman
interbase (IB)—shortstop
esterno sinistro (ES)—left fielder
esterno centro (EC)—center fielder
esterno destro (ED)—right fielder
gli oggetti in uso—equipment
cappellino—cap
caschetto—helmet
divisa—uniform
guanto—mitt
mazza—bat
palla—ball
spikes—spikes
mascherina—mask
pettorina—chest protector
schinieri—shin guards

 

Posted in Abitudini, Foto, Italia, Italiano, Italoamericani, La Gente, Lo Sport, Roma, Storia | 1 Comment

The Italian Baseball League

As an avid baseball fan, I was not surprised to learn that the Chicago Cubs had recruited this year a Dominican player named Robel Garcia.  After all, many baseball players come from Caribbean islands.  But I was stunned to learn that he was discovered in Italy and that he had been playing for the Italian Baseball League (IBL).

I began my research. I learned that the overall level of competition in the IBL is considered to be the highest in Europe and that Major League Baseball in the United States scouts for players in Italy to recruit to teams in the United States.  Not surprisingly, players who dream of playing in the majors love to train in Italy—for the food, climate, beauty and friendliness, not to mention the high level of play.

The IBL today consists of 8 teams that are governed by the Italian Federation of Baseball & Softball (FIBS) in Rome.  Half the teams are based in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.  A team from the Republic of San Marino also plays in the league.  Team names usually consist of the city name (eg, Parma, Bologna, Nettuno) and the team’s corporate sponsor, much like in Japanese baseball.

Baseball began in Italy during World War II when American G.I.’s taught the game to local children. The first championship was held in Italy in 1948, and today there is a major league, complete with a playoff series in which teams compete for the championship, called the Scudetto.  According to FIBS rules today, each of the 8 teams plays two 3-game series against every other team, for a total of 42 games in a season.  The four teams that finish with the best regular season record qualify for a round-robin playoff.  The first and second-place finishers of the round-robin play a best-of-7 game series for the Scudetto.The FIBS also determines the number of sport visas granted to non-EU foreign players and also the number of foreign players on the field at any time.

Unfortunately, baseball in Italy is not a growth industry.  The facilities are largely owned and maintained by community governments and teams have few assets.  In the United States, it’s a huge business, much to the chagrin of baseball purists. However, in Major League Baseball, there have been many Italian-American heroes; many are enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.  One could field several teams of Italian-Americans from historical and current players.  Baseball fanatics will recognize these names:  Managers Tommy Lasorda and Joe Torre, catchers Yogi Berra and Mike Piazza, infielders Jason Giambi, Anthony Rizzo, Craig Biggio and Phil Rizutto, outfielders Joe DiMaggio and Lou Piniella, and pitchers Barry Zito and Dave Righetti.  Not to mention A. Bart Giamatti, a former Commissioner of Baseball, the highest office in the management of the sport.  Current first baseman Anthony Rizzo from the Chicago Cubs recently welcomed the new recruit from Italy, Robel Garcia, with a hearty “Buongiorno” and kisses on both cheeks.

That’s as far as my research took me.  But I have so many more questions:  silly ones like do they sing ‘Take me out to the ballgame’ in English or Italian?  Do they serve hot dogs, beer and popcorn at the games?  What is the sports bar called where people go after the game?  In America, it might be called ‘the Dugout,’ ‘the Bullpen,’ or ‘the Tenth Inning.”  In Italy it’s probably ‘the Fifth Base,’ a coffee bar that might also serves wine. Serious questions surround how to make the game survive and thrive in Italy:  how about bringing major league games to Italy similar to the Yankees-Red Sox series in London?  Maybe George Clooney, a high school baseball star and producer of the movie “the Catcher was a Spy” could bankroll the development of baseball in Italy, with the support of Mike Piazza, Joe Torre, and Major League Baseball.  How do you build grassroots interest in the game in a country that already has a passion for calcio?

Let’s go to playoff games in Italy!  In preparation, here is a brief lexicon to study:

il campo di gioco—playing field
diamante—diamond
campo esterno—outfield
monte di lancio—pitcher’s mound
la panchina—dugout
la panchina dei lanciatori—bullpen
linee di foul—foul lines
la prima base—first base
la seconda base—second base
la terza base—third base
la casa base (or piatto)—home plate
giocatori—players
battitore—batter
arbitro di casa base—home plate umpire
un fuoricampo—home run
ruoli difensivi—defensive positions (roles)
interni—infielders
esterni—outfielders
lanciatore (L)—pitcher
ricevitore (R)—catcher
prima base (1B)—first baseman
seconda base (2B)—second baseman
terza base (3B)—third baseman
interbase (IB)—shortstop
esterno sinistro (ES)—left fielder
esterno centro (EC)—center fielder
esterno destro (ED)—right fielder
gli oggetti in uso—equipment
cappellino—cap
caschetto—helmet
divisa—uniform
guanto—mitt
mazza—bat
palla—ball
spikes—spikes
mascherina—mask
pettorina—chest protector
schinieri—shin guards

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posted in Abitudini, Differenze culturali, English, Foto, Italia, Italoamericani, La Gente, Roma, Storia | 3 Comments