La Scala, Verdi, e “Giovanna d’Arco”

VerdiIf an opera is no longer staged after 150 years, it becomes a sort of novelty.  This is the case of Giovanna d’Arco, the seventh operatic work of the young Giuseppe Verdi, which was presented for the first time at La Scala in 1845, then again in 1865, and then no more.   In the meantime, in many parts of the world it is performed.  Giovanna is a sortplaybill of “bridge” opera, which foretells the masterpieces of the mature Verdi.  If it’s performed rarely, it’s because it is vocally demanding.   But it is this opera—unjustly forgotten—that opens the next season at La Scala, the 7th of December of 2015.

La ScalaLa Scala is the abbreviation for the official name of Teatro alla Scala, which is in Milan.  The theatre opened in 1778, and the first production was Europa Riconsosciuta of Antonio Salieri, a contemporary of Mozart’s.

Most of the great lyrical Italian artists, and most of the greatest singers from around the world, have appeared at La Scala over the last 200 or so years.  Today, the theatre is known as one of the most important opera and ballet theatres of the world.  It hosts the Choral Theatre of La Scala, the Ballet Theatre, and the Orchestra of La Scala.

When it was built, the theatre had 3,000 seats.  Through renovations, the La Scala at nighttheatre today has a little less than 2,000 seats.  There are 6 tiers of boxes above which there is the “Loggione” or 2 galleries.  The stage is one of the largest in Italy.

loggioneThe Loggione is where the less rich can watch the productions.  The gallery is in general filled with impassioned opera lovers, known as “i loggionisti,” who can be either very enthusiastic or ruthless when evaluating the singers.  For their failures, the artists receive a “baptism by fire” from the impassioned viewers, and failures are remembered for a long time. Alagna One example is when, in 2006, the tenor Roberto Alagna was hissed from the stage during a performance of Aida, which forced his understudy, Antonello Palombi, to quickly substitute in the middle of a scene without the time to change into costume.

In early times, like with other theatres, La Scala was also a casino, with players that sat in the foyer.  These conditions could be very frustrating for opera lovers because La Scala served not only as a salon for the Milanese society, but also as a place for commercial transactions, like horse trading.

La Scala interiorThe season for La Scala opens traditionally the 7th of December, the feast day of Sant’Ambrogio, the patron saint of Milan.  All operas must end by midnight, and long operas begin before the evening, when necessary.  For the new season, there are seven Italian operas out of 15.  Verdi has pride of place.  Besides Giovanna d’Arco, the other Verdi works that will be featured are Rigoletto, I due Foscari, e Simon Boccanegra.logo

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Leonardo da Vinci: 10 curiosità che (forse) non sapete

  1. Leonardo, forse, non era italiano.  Nacque nel 1452, Leonardo era il figlio Leonardoillegittimo di Piero.  Il padre italiano era un rispettato notaio ben introdotto negli ambienti fiorentini con i Medici tra i suoi clienti.  La madre , secondo alcuni, veniva dall’Oriente.  Il nome Caterina era infatti comune tra le schiave convertite al cattolicesimo.  Inoltre, le impronte digitali di Leonardo mostrerebbero somiglianze con un tipo diffuso tra gli arabi.  Ad ogni modo, fu il padre, intorno al 1470, ad accompagnare suo figlio, ancora adolescente, in una delle botteghe più importanti del tempo, quella di Andrea Verrocchio.
  2. Capì come funziona il cuore.  Ai tempi di Leonardo si credeva ancora che il cuore il cuoreservisse per scaldare il sangue circolante.  Fu lui il primo a intuirne invece la funzione di una pompa.   Per questo alcune strutture anatomiche cardiache presero in sequito il suo nome—per esempio il “fascio moderatore di Leonardo da Vinci” e anche la “trabecola aruata di Leonardo.”
  3. Fu lui a portare in Francia la Gioconda. Un’idea ancora Mona Lisadiffusa è che la Gioconda sia stata portata al Louvre dai soldati napoleonici.  Fu invece Leonardo a portarla con lui in Francia, e il re Francesco I lo pagò 4 mila scudi d’oro (due anni dello stipendio di Leonardo).  Le truppe napoleoniche presero invece, senza mai restituirli, alcuni manoscritti (oggi “Codici dell’Istituto di Francia”).
  4. Era un vegetariano convinto. Leonardo aveva un amore sviscerato per gli animali.  Andava addirittura nei mercati a liberare dalle gabbie gli uccelli pronti per essere venduti.  Un contemporaneo, il navigatore toscano Andrea Corsali, disse di lui che “non si ciba di alcuna cosa che tenga sangue”.  A Leonardo è attribuita la frase, “Verrà il giorno che sarà giudicato un delitto ad uccidere un animale come ora uccidere un uomo”.
  5. Aveva il gusto del grottesco. Il suo sguardo era attirato non solo dal bello, ma male headsanche dal deforme, tanto che molti lo considerano l’iniziatore del genere della caricatura.  In effetti esiste almeno un foglio con disegni di teste maschili in cui le caratteristiche fisiche sono accentuate fino a un effetto grottesco.
  6. Gli piaceva sperimentare. Il più famoso “esperimento” di Leonardo venne messo in opera quando ricevette da Ludovico il Moro, patrono di CenacoloLeonardo e duca di Milano,  l’incarico di dipingere, su una parete del refettorio del convento annesso alla basilica di Santa Maria delle Grazie, un affresco dell’Ultima cena.  A Leonardo la tecnica dell’affresco non piaceva perchè richiedeva all’artista di lavorare velocemente sull’intonaco “a fresco”.  Per cui inventò una tecnica che gli permettesse di andare ogni tanto a dare anche una sola pennellata, continuando a seguire in contemporaneamente i suoi altri studi e lavori.  Troppo tardi scoprì che il dipinto, così, si deteriorava molto rapidamente: quando Leonardo era ancora in vita, complice l’umidità dell’ambiente, il Cenacolo era ridotto a una macchia di colore indistinta.
  7. Era un “molestatore”? Dell’omosessualità di Leonardo si è parlato a lungo, scomodando interpretazioni psicoanalitiche, come quella di Freud che al riguardo descrisse un sogno fatto da Leonardo bambino: un nibbio che l’avrebbe visitato toccandogli ripetutamente le labbra con la coda.     

L’omosessualità nella Firenze del tempo era comune, ma ci sono le carte di un processo per sodomia che lo videro tra gli imputati, insieme ad altri allievi della bottega del Verrocchio, nel 1476.  La parte lesa, vittima dell’abuso, sarebbe stato Jacopo Satarelli, un apprendista orafo fiorentino di 17 anni.  Dopo una breve incarcerazione Leonardo e gli altri vennero assolti perchè la denuncia, in quanto anonima, non poteva essere accettata.  L’oscura vicenda  fu riesaminata in un secondo momento, ma i giudici dichiararono il non luogo a procedere, chiudendo la causa.

  1. Aveva una scrittura a dir poco insolita. Leonardo usava una strana scrittura, chewritings andava da destra verso sinistra, e spesso iniziava a scrivere dall’ultimo foglio per poi giungere al primo.  Questa peculiarità è stata spesso interpretata come un tentativo messo in atto da Leonardo di tenere segreti e incomprensibili ai non iniziati al suo codice i suoi studi.  Chi lo considerava un eretico addirittura lo definì come “scrittore del diavolo” per questa sua particolare caratteristica. 

In realtà, si trattava del suo modo naturale di scrivere.  I neurologi infatti hanno dimostrato che la sua era un’abitudine acquisita nell’infanzia, naturale per i mancini che non sono stati corretti come Leonardo.  Lui sapeva usare la calligrafia “normale”, ma con difficoltà e solo se indispensabile, come per esempio fece in alcune carte topografiche.  Non a caso, Leonardo faceva scrivere ad altri le sue missive e le sue lettere di presentazione.

  1. Scoprì gli anelli di crescita degli alberi.  La prima persona a osservare gli anelli growth ringsdi accrescimento degli alberi, e a capire che, contandoli, si può determinare l’età di una pianta, fu proprio Leonardo.  Da questa osservazione è nata in anni recenti una nuova scienza, la dendroclimatologia, che studia i climi del passato grazie a particolari tracce lasciate dalla natura negli anelli degli alberi.
  2. Capì che cosa fossero i fossili. Al suo tempo si riteneva che i “nichi”, come si fossilschiamavano allora i fossili, fossero resti del Diluvio universale o forme di vita a cui Dio non aveva dato l’anima.  Leonardo fu il primo (dopo gli antichi Greci) a comprendere che erano resti di animali e piante pietrificati da processi geologici e portati alla luce dai movimenti della crosta terrestre.

 

 

 

 

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Leonardo da Vinci: 10 things you may not know

Leonardo1. Perhaps Leonardo was not Italian. Leonardo’s Italian father, Piero, was a respected notary well connected in the Florentine world (counting even the Medici among his clients). The mother was, according to some, originally from the East. The name of Caterina was in fact common among slaves converted to Catholicism. Moreover, the fingerprints of Leonardo showed a similarity to a type common among the workshop of VerocchioArabs. In any case, it was the father, around 1470, who accompanied his illegitimate son, still an adolescent, to one of the most important workshops of the time, that of Andrea Verrocchio.

2. He understood how the heart functions. In Leonardo’s times, it was believed that the il cuoreheart served to warm the circulating blood. Leonardo was the first to realize, instead, the heart’s function as a pump. Because of this, some anatomical cardiac structures were given his name—for example, the “fascio moderatore di Leonardo da Vinci” and the “trabecola arcuate di Leonardo.”

3. It was Leonardo who took the Mona Lisa to France. It is still a Mona Lisawidespread belief that the Mona Lisa (la Gioconda) was taken to the Louvre by Napoleonic troops. It was instead Leonardo who brought it to France, and King Francis I paid 4,000 scudos of gold (2 years’ worth of a stipend for Leonardo). The Napoleonic troops took instead, and without returning them, some manuscripts—today called “Codici dell’Istituto di Francia.”

4. He was a committed vegetarian. Leonardo was a passionate lover of animals. He even went into the marketplaces and freed birds from cages birds that were ready to be sold. The Tuscan navigator, Andrea Corsali, a contemporary of Leonardo’s, said of him, “He would not live on anything that contained blood.” To Leonardo is attributed the saying,
“The day will come when it will be judged a crime to kill an animal like it is now to kill a man.”

male heads5. He had a taste for the grotesque. His attention was drawn to not only the beautiful but also to the “deformed,” so that many consider him the inventor of the genre of caricature. At least one folio exists with designs of male heads in which the physical characteristics are accentuated to a grotesque effect.

6. He liked to experiment. The most famous “experiment” occurred when Leonardo received from Ludovico il Moro the task of painting the fresco of the Last Supper on the wall of the refectory of the convent annexed to the basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. CenacoloLeonardo did not like the fresco technique, so he planned to work quickly on the fresh plaster. He invented a technique that allowed that allowed him to go occasionally to give a quick brush stroke, while continuing at the same time to pursue his other studies and works. Too late he discovered the painting, done in this fashion, deteriorated quite rapidly. Even during his life, because of the humidity in the environment, il Cenacolo was reduced to a blob of indistinct color.

7. Was he a molester? The homosexuality of Leonardo has been addressed at length, including psychoanalytical interpretations, such as that of Freud who wrote of a dream of Leonardo as a child: a kite (bird of prey) had visited him touching him repeatedly on the lips with its tail.

In 1476, there are papers of a trial for sodomy that list him among the defendants, together with other students from the workshop of Verrocchio. The injured party was Jacopo Satarelli, a Florentine goldsmith apprentice of 17 years. After a brief incarceration, Leonardo and the others were acquitted because the complaint, given anonymously, could not be accepted. The dark matter (homosexuality in Florence at the time was common) was reviewed at a later time, but the judges decided not to prosecute, and the case was closed.

8. He had an unusual writing style, to say the least. Leonardo used a strange way of writingswriting, which went from right to left, and often began from the last page to the first. This peculiarity was often interpreted as a way for Leonardo to keep his works secret. Those who considered him a heretic called it “writings of the devil.”

In reality, it was a natural way for him to write. Neurologists in fact have shown that his style of writing was a habit acquired in infancy and natural for left-handers who were never corrected. He knew how to use “normal” handwriting, but only with difficulty and only if necessary, as for example he did on some topographical maps.

growth rings9. He discovered the growth rings of trees. Leonardo was the first person to observe the growth rings of trees and to understand, that by counting them, you could determine the age of the plant. From this came in recent years a new science, dendroclimatology, that studies past climates according to traces left in the rings of trees.

10. He understood what fossils were. At that time it was believed that “niche,” as fossils fossilswere then called, were remnants of the Flood or forms of life to which God had not given a soul. Leonardo was the first (after the ancient Greeks) to understand that they were the remains of animals and plants petrified by geological processes and brought to light by movements of the earth’s crust.

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